Scythians in the Ancient World

Scythians in the Ancient World Scythians a Greek designation were an ancient group of people from Central Eurasia distinguished from others of the area by their customs and their contact with their neighbors. There appear to have been several groups of Scythians, who were known to the Persians as Sakas. We dont know where each group lived, but they lived in the area from the Danube River to Mongolia on the East-West dimension and southward to the Iranian plateau. Where the Scythians Lived Nomadic, Indo-Iranian (a term that also covers inhabitants of the Iranian plateau and the Indus Valley [e.g., Persians and Indians]) horsemen, archers, and pastoralists, depicted wearing pointed hats and trousers, the Scythians lived in the Steppes northeast of the Black Sea, from the 7th-3rd century B.C. Scythia also refers to a region from the Ukraine and Russia (where archaeologists have unearthed Scythian burial mounds) into Central Asia. Eurasian Map showing Steppe tribes, including SythiansRelated map showing location in Asia, as well The Scythians are closely associated with horses (and the Huns). [The 21st-century movie Attila showed a starving boy drinking the blood of his horse to stay alive. However much this might be Hollywood license, it conveys the essential, survival bond between the steppe nomads and their horses.] Ancient Names of the Scythians The greek epic poet Hesiod called the northern tribes hippemolgi mare milkers.The Greek historian Herodotus refers to the European Scythians as Scythians and the eastern ones as Sacae. Beyond the Scythians and other Steppe tribes was supposed to be Apollos sometimes home, among the Hyperboreans.The name Scythians and Sacae applied to themselves was Skudat archer.Later, the Scythians were sometimes called Getae.The Persians also called the Scythians Sakai. According to Richard N. Frye (The Heritage of Central Asia; 2007) of these, there wereSaka HaumavargaSaka Paradraya (beyond the sea or river)Saka Tigrakhauda (pointed hats)Saka para Sugdam (beyond Sogdiana)Scythians, who attacked the kingdom of Urartu in Armenia, were called Ashguzai or Ishguzai by the Assyrians. The Scythians may have been the Biblical Ashkenaz. Legendary Origins of the Scythians A rightly skeptical Herodotus says the Scythians claimed the first man to exist in the region at a time when it was desert and about a millennium before Darius of Persia was named Targitaos. Targitaos was the son of Zeus and the daughter of the river Borysthenes. He had three sons from whom the tribes of the Scythians sprang.Another legend Herodotus reports connects the Scythians with Hercules and Echidna. Tribes of the Scythians Herodotus IV.6 lists the 4 tribes of the Scythians: From Leipoxais sprang the Scythians of the race called Auchatae;from Arpoxais, the middle brother, those known as the Catiari and Traspians;from Colaxais, the youngest, the Royal Scythians, or Paralatae.All together they are named Scoloti, after one of their kings: the Greeks, however, call them Scythians. The Scythians are also divided into: Sacae,Massagetae (may mean strong Getae),Cimmerians, andGetae. The Appeal of the Scythians The Scythians are connected with a variety of customs that interest modern people, including the use of hallucinogenic drugs, fabulous gold treasures, and cannibalism [see Cannibalism in ancient myth]. They have been popular as the noble savage from the 4th century B.C. Ancient writers eulogized the Scythians as more virtuous, hardy, and chaste than their civilized contemporaries. Sources The Scythians, by Jona Lendering.The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture, and Archaeology, by E. D. Phillips World Archaeology. 1972.The Scythian: His Rise and Fall, by James William Johnson. Journal of the History of Ideas. 1959 University of Pennsylvania Press.The Scythians: Invading Hordes from the Russian Steppes, by Edwin Yamauchi. The Biblical Archaeologist. 1983.

Utca Essay Example

Utca Essay Example Utca Essay Utca Essay Utca How do human beings make decisions What triggers a person to take action at any given point These are all questions that I will attempt to answer with my theoretical research into Leon Festinger?s theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as many of the other related theories. We often do not realize the psychological events that take place in our everyday lives. It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency theory and the cognitive dissonance theory so that one?s self-persuasion occurs knowingly. As psychologist and theorist gain a better understanding of Festinger?s cognitive dissonance theory manipulation could occur more easily than it already does in today?s society. Leon Festinger?s cognitive dissonance theory is very closely related to many of the consistency theories. The first of the major consistency theories, the balance theory, was proposed by Fritz Heider (1946, 1958) and was later revised by Theodore Newcomb (1953). Heider and Newcomb?s theory was mostly looking at the interaction between two people (interpersonally) and the conflicts that arose between them. When two people have conflicting opinions or tension is felt between another person, it is more likely persuasion will occur. Because if no tension was dissonance, theory, cognitive, smoking, two, people, about, between, opinion, balance, theories, festinger?s, research, consistency, often, much, friends, felt, because, reduce, must, elements, dissonant, action, very, times, tension, persuasion, person, opinions, one, new, lives, leon, issue

Employment Experiece Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment Experiece Journal - Essay Example of backlog in terms of my course works and assignments and made it more challenging for me especially in internalizing the various theories in the module. The things that I learnt about in this module will help in working in a global business environment. This will also be useful because modern firms, even those which don’t operate globally, have to work in a global arena and apply the tools that are necessary to operate in a global business environment. I was able to understand the various issues that are revenant in a modern business environment and how the global business environment came to be. Regardless of the many challenges that I had during the module, I was able to actually enjoy the module and I believe most of the things I learnt in the module will be useful in my future, either in employment or in operating my own business. Specifically, it is necessary to me because intent to start a web based business and operating a website is like operating a global business. Through this module and the personal research that I carried out, I am now able to help a business to identify the high volume area that it can used to access across worldwide market and use this as the basis if it is expanding to the international busine ss (Blyth & Zimmerman, 2005). This module was one of the most intriguing modules to study. I was able to learn a lot of things about modern marketing. Again, this module provided me with knowledge that wills be useful both in an employment environment as well as an entrepreneurial environment. While taking this module, I was able to have a few brainstorming with friends of mine and we were able to brainstorm on the various issues which were raised in the module and how valuable they are. This module provided me, and hopefully most of the other students, with a good foundation to roll out a successful career in marketing, especially with regard to modern business environment and global competitiveness. It was probably my deep interests in

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Epic of Gilgamesh - Essay Example The epic, with its complex plot is acknowledged by historians and archaeologists as the oldest existing written story although it had been discovered and translated only relatively recently but it never fails to fascinate its readers with its many parallels to the biblical story of the Great Flood and that of Noah and his family. It is therefore not very far-fetched to assume that many parts of the biblical Noah got their origins and ideas from the Epic of Gilgamesh for its many similarities, barring mere coincidence, from the tale of Utnapishtim. What is even more remarkable is the story was based on an actual king named Gilgamesh. This paper explores this gem of world literature from the viewpoint of its importance in terms of its sophisticated moral lessons. Additionally, it will also discuss the universal questions that Man has been asking ever since, questions such as immortality, how to escape death itself, his place in the entire scheme of things in the cosmos, his relationshi p with his gods, with fellow human beings, governance and kingship. Moreover, the paper will likewise offer some hopefully useful insights into the immensity and scale of this grandiose tale. Discussion The epic is partly based on the real historical figure King Gilgamesh who ruled the kingdom of Uruk in ancient Sumeria at around 2700 B.C.E. (before current era, as historians now would like to date historical events rather than the usual B.C. or A.D. in order to avoid a bias towards Christianity and maintain neutrality towards all religions) but was written down in clay tablets only at around 2000 B.C.E. perhaps with an eye towards preservation of a story for posterity. Although it has historical basis as determined by rigorous historical research, it also contains so many embellishments to make the story more interesting to its intended audience and also partly to impart some important moral lessons, like biblical parables. The provenance of the epic story cannot be traced or ascri bed to a single writer but it is rather the work of several authors, who added a portion of the story with each succeeding re-telling to a listening audience, perhaps by the high priests of Babylon. It was originally an oral composition recited by traveling storytellers, which may help to explain why there are so many parts of the story which are mere fragments although it is still offers some continuity. It can be found in the royal library of King Ashurbanipal, who ruled around 700 B.C.E. but still portions or other versions of the same epic were unearthed at different epochs in the time of the ancient city of Babylon, providing a rich ethnological source as well (Maier 377). The Epic of Gilgamesh can be taken in context, in the sense it was written at a time of history when rulers often invoked their right to rule over their subjects from some form of divine intervention or deriving their royal power from the gods. This theme is very recurrent in many historical periods, and this theme is also quite common even in the other areas of the world, where kings ruled either by force or some other means to retain political control such as invoking their authority with their supposed knowledge and wisdom, just like Gilgamesh. A key character, Enkidu, was introduced to the epic as counterbalance to Gilgamesh. A good question to ask might be: What

Understanding Ethics and Ethical Behaviors Essay Example for Free

Understanding Ethics and Ethical Behaviors Essay The roadmap of this brief essay is to present an overview of the importance of ethics and ethical behavior in the field of management and business enterprise. This paper hopes to enumerate certain ethical behaviors necessary for the proper conduct of professional affairs, as well as cite certain examples that can help situate the discussions being unraveled. This discussion is important insofar as our present generation spends most of their times in their workplaces. In a manner of speaking, it is within these professional contexts where, according to Delbecq, most people’s characters are forged (qtd. in Schminke ix). Ethics is a science that seeks to shed light on matters that are either right or wrong. Merriam-Webster defines it as the discipline which deals â€Å"with what is good and what is bad, and with what is moral duty and obligation† (Merriam-Webster 398). As such, ethics is both informative and formative. It is on the one hand informative because it concerns itself with knowledge about all things right or wrong. Yet it is on the other hand formative (or imperative) because it demands adherence to moral laws in the conduct of human affairs. Many ethical norms are deemed necessary in view of making ethical the conduct of affairs transpiring within professional workplaces. Among others, honesty, truthfulness and transparency are three of the most fundamental traits that need to be observed. Specifically, dealing honestly with colleagues, being truthful in transacting business with clients, and being transparent in completing database and/or records are conditions of no little importance to one’s professional career (Mary Guy 22). Still, fairness, justice and respect are intricately woven ethical benchmarks as well. Fairness and justice go hand in hand; they behoove equal treatment and distributed opportunities for and to all stakeholders. Just the same, respect for colleagues and the workplace itself are truly important so as to maintain smooth interpersonal interaction. Hardly over, personal integrity and the courage to rectify misgivings are essential aspects of ethical behavior in workplaces as well. These traits enhance ethical decision-making process which individual employees must see through successfully. The case of Sherron Watkins, the once-Vice President who turned her back at Enron Corporation, is a good instance to cite. According to the story, Ms. Watkins was made accessory to accounting frauds, even while she was nervous about being implicated in the process. After much deliberation, she decided to expose the irregularities even to the point of being made to testify to the Congress; all because she wanted to rectify the detestable errors committed by her company (Pellegrini). Taking cue from the example of Sheron Watkins, it seems therefore needless to point that professional workers must take upon themselves the burden of behaving ethically in their workplaces. Far more critical, they should be prepared to handle incidences involving not just accounting frauds but also bribery, racial discrimination, favoritism, unjust wage, unsafe working environment and practices, onerous and unstipulated demands, tax frauds, sexual solicitation and/or harassment, illegal termination and espionage of employees, among others. To briefly conclude, this paper ends with a thought that affirms the importance of the discipline which the science of ethics demands from professionals reporting to workplaces almost on a daily basis. The discussions herein developed emphasized the importance of knowing certain ethical behaviors and implementing them in workplaces. As indeed, the case of Sherron Watkins provides a framework for ethical decision-making process, as well as the basis to be vigilant in correcting instances of misdemeanor committed within professional workplaces. References Delbecq, A. â€Å"Foreword†. Marshal Schminke, Ed. Managerial Ethics: Moral Management of People and Processes. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. Guy, M. Ethical Decision Making in Everyday Work Situations. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books, 1990. Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary. Tenth Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam- Webster, Incorporated, 1996. Pellegrini, F. â€Å"Person of the Week: â€Å"Enron Whistleblower† Sherron Watkins†. Time Magazine. 05 January 2009 http://www. time. com/time/pow/article/0,8599,194927,00. html.

Embryonic Wars Essay -- essays research papers

The specific objective of this major essay is to clarify and summarise the controversial debate concerning the ethical decency of embryonic cloning for therapeutic purposes. This is the form of cloning that is supposedly beneficial to a barrage of medical applications. We will identify the key opposing ethical perspectives such as those of the justification of embryonic research based on the normative theory of consequentialism. This paper will also probe into the relatively brief history of the debate while gauging the particular stumbling blocks of disagreement which bioethicists have arrived at. The topical aspects of therapeutic cloning will be closely studied by weighing the pros and cons and gaining a greater understanding of the present scenario. Formally speaking, embryonic cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will all have the same genetic information. Some more extreme forms of Embryonic or Therapeutic cloning involve the deliberate creation of an identical twin to be destroyed before implantation in order to make replacement tissues. However, these identical twins are usually only six day old embryos, a minuscule collection of cells without a nervous system. Therapeutically, the notion of cloning is medically significant because cloned individuals at the embryonic stage "share the same immune characteristics as each other" (Harris 26). The possibility of cloning an individual at the embryo stage allows one clone to be used as a cell tissue and organ bank for the other. Embryonic cloning has a history of significant developments and discoveries that have occurred only in the past ten or twenty years. In the nineteen eighties and early nineteen nineties, sophisticated foetal and embryological research was banned by the United States’ Reagan and Bush administrations due to pressure from pro-life factions of the Republican party. However, these regulations against research into the controversial field were relaxed considerably with the inception of the more pro-choice Clinton administration. In October 1994, Robert J. Stillman shocked the world with the news of his successful "cloning of seventeen flawed human embryos at George Washington Medical Center" (Dyson & Harris 276) in the United States. Events such as this have continued to spark furiou... ...ead the developed nations to gain a proficient understanding of the realistic positive and negative possibilities of therapeutic cloning in the near future. This will, in time, generate the global legislations giving much needed ethical and humane boundaries to a field which is yet to be conquered. Works Referenced & Consulted Dyson, A. & Harris J. Eds. "Experiments on embryos" London, New York: Routledge, 1990. Harris, J. Chapter 1: "The Art of the Possible", in Clones, Genes and Immortality, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Hyde, Margaret O. & Hyde, Lawrence E. "Cloning and the new genetics" Hillside, N.J., U.S.A.: Enslow Publishers, 1984. Lord, B. I., Potten, C. S., Cole, R. J. "Stem cells and tissue homeostasis", Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Nicholls, Mark, "MATCH, (Movement Against The Cloning of Humans)", in The Tide is Turning, http://www.match.inweb.co.uk/, July 9th, 1999. Pence, Gregory E. "Who's afraid of human cloning?", Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, c1998. Preston, Noel. "Understanding ethics", Leichhardt, N.S.W.: Federation Press, 1996.

My professional philosophy statement Essay

My goal is to provide a safe, nurturing, child-centered environment with a high-quality educational program that serves diverse children and families. Philosophy My philosophical beliefs are based in my knowledge of child development, theories of child behavior, and acceptable best practices for educating young children: Understanding children’s play and the teacher’s role in guiding and facilitating cognitive, social, emotional and physical development through play. Building relationships with children and families through dialogue, understanding, and interactive experiences. Encouraging children to make decisions while learning and to understand how their decisions affect others. Guiding children through teacher-planned, child-initiated activities based on children’s interests. These activities enhance children’s skills in all areas of development. My goal is to provide an environment that is safe, accessible, interesting, and child-centered. I want to provide nurturance, guidance and experiences to maximize children’s total development. This is based on following statements: All children have the right to be accepted, respected, and embraced as competent. Children are continuous learners and learn best within the context of family and their everyday experiences. Children construct knowledge by active participation with real materials and the environment. Free play is essential in developing the cognitive skills of children. Development of the â€Å"whole child† with a focus on promoting social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development should always be the main goal. Assessment of children should be on-going, reflective of children’s experiences, and occur within the context of daily classroom activities. Children’s family/cultural backgrounds broaden the curriculum for all children. Collaboration between families and teachers supports the development of the child and home-school relationships. My continuous professional development enhances my abilities to teach.

Community based tourism

On the one hand, al local level, opportunities have been observed to evolve plans for the participation of new actors and strategies, and for the involvement of civil corporations in the development process. Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is refers to travel to another location within the same country and as well as trans-national travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people â€Å"traveling to and staying In places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†.The concept of Community-based Tourism (CB) can be found in the work of Murphy (1985), where aspects concerning tourism and developing local communities are analyzed, and in a further study by the same author in 2004 (Murphy and Murphy, 2004). Along with these two studies, there are several other research papers analyzing the relationship between tou rism and local communities (such as Richards and Hall, 2000). This concept paves the way for new lines of investigation and for the possibility of tourism development together with other alternatives such as Pro-PoorTourism (PPTP); Community Benefit Tourist Initiatives (Cobalt) (Simpson, 2008); or Community-Based Enterprises (Cubes) (Mammary and Jones, 2007). To summaries, all these Initiatives agree that the destination community should be included In the tourism planning and management decision-making process, owed to three mall reasons: It considers them to be part of the tourist product, local communities adapt to changes easily, and it helps to open their minds. Several projects based on CB Kibosh, 2008), Asia (Enplane et al. 2006; Kaki, 2008; Kate, 2010), Oceania (Dyer et al. 2003), and in different countries of Latin America such as Brazil (Grouchier, 2007), Ecuador (Uric teal. , 2008), Mexico (Brings and Israel, 2004) and Peru (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). CB is based on the ac tive participation of the local community. This is why the creation of community events which may favors this type of tourism, while at the same time helping to create a relationship between the local community and visitors, is so important.To facilitate this, different public administrations, Non- Governmental Organizations (Nags), private institutions and the local community itself should get involved and work together. According to Enplane et al. (2006), the main limitations local communities have to face when implementing tourism projects are the following: lack of financial resources, infrastructure or know-how; limitations of a cultural kind; and potential conflicts between the different public administrations.At the same time, the following factors are described as being highly important for CB implementation (Kibosh, 2008): the inclusion of stakeholders, the evaluation of individual and collective benefits, the setting of objectives, And analysis f decisions to be implemente d. The main benefits of community tourism are the direct economic impact on families, socioeconomic improvements, and sustainable diversification of lifestyles (Mammary and Jones, 2007; Raster, 2010).CB is certainly an effective way of implementing policy coordination, avoiding conflicts between different actors in tourism, and obtaining synergies based on the exchange of knowledge, analysis and ability among all members of the community. One of the most controversial aspects in scientific literature is determining the number and type of tourists. Thus, Enplane et al. 2006) highlight the importance of receiving a small number of tourists, which means more contact with local culture and society. This way, the risk of tourists invading private aspects of the local culture is avoided.However, at the same time, his limited number of visitors reduces the economic resources generated by tourism Having taken this element into consideration, the creation of cooperatives allowing the communi ty to manage its own tourist resources is seen a fundamental element (Leap, 2007; Groans and Kaufmann, 2010). However, there are some negative aspects in the development of the tourist product, including he potential link between a high number of tourists, sex and alcohol, and the loss of cultural identity; and the hypothetical degradation of natural resources (They et al. 2002). In this case, residents have five alternatives to minimize this negative impact on the community – resistance, retreat, boundary maintenance, revitalization and adoption (Dugan, 1989). We must remember that tourism can change (or event destroy) the local culture if it is being treated as Just another tourist attraction and only aims for a rapid development of the area (Dyer et al. , 2003). CB is based on the reaction of tourist products characterized by community participation in their development.CB emerged as a possible solution to the negative effects of mass tourism in developing countries, and w as, and the same time, a strategy for community organization in order to attain better living conditions. Its core idea is the integration of hotel management, food and beverages, complementary services and tourism management, but also includes other subsystems (infrastructure, health, education and environment) as main characteristics, thus presenting a sustainable between the local community and visitors as a key element in the development of a aorist product (Choice et al. 2007). CB is protected and supported by different international organizations, such as the World Tourism Organization (2002), and has several objectives, among which community empowerment and ownership, social and economic development, conservation of natural and cultural resources, and a high quality visitor experience, should be noted. Community participation in tourism development has been originally developed and implemented in the so-called developed world, where tourism supply emerged.In these regions, sp ecial programmers have supported locally driven development. An example of this is the Else's LEADER programmers focusing on development of sustainable rural areas. It is now claimed that developing countries could avoid many of the problems that have plagued past tourism development by involving diverse social groups from the popular sectors of local communities in decision making. They should become convinced of the benefits of tourism and thus support its development or at least acquiesce to it with resignation rather than apathy.From the summary reflected above it becomes clear that a community-based approach requires mutual elaboration and co-operation, conceptualized as a process of Joint-decision-making among autonomous keys take holders of an inter-organizational, community tourism domain. It should be resolving planning problems and managing issues related to development of that domain. And it is exactly this that is missing in most developing countries. Now we come to the discussion of â€Å"preserve or develop† that is never ending, especially when focusing on developing countries.Community participation has been used to attempt readjusting the balance of power and reassert local community views against those of the developers or local authorities. Furthermore, though we think that community participation is a powerful tool to educate the community in rights, laws and political good sense, the question should be asked to what extent local people, with sometimes limited understanding of wider issues, can accurately decide what is best frothier long term well-being.Also, community participation should not only focus on this political dimension, ignoring financial and economic considerations which are often the primary drivers at local level. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Community-Based Tourism (CB) enables tourists to discover local habitats and lilied, celebrates and respects traditional cultures, rituals, and wisdom. The community will be aware of the commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based conservation of these resources (www. Communicativeness's. Info). There are many study related on CB. Kaki (2008) developed the model of CB integrating the concepts the ladder of participation, power redistribution, collaboration processes, and social capital. The study demonstrated that the model can be used to assess the actual participation level in a study site. Bothersome, Byrd (2007) argued that there is not a definable single generic interest for the host community. The interests will be community can either assist in keeping an individual in a community or increase their chance to leave the community.Current tourism and tourism development in the community will also influence their support for future endeavors and their interactions with visitors. The support and interactions will in turn influence the overall success of the tourism development. Moreover, Baggier and Console (2009) elaborated the meaning of community in tourism. They argued that customers may interact with companies and other customers and may achieve more information that allows them to reduce their information asymmetry and become more empowered than they were in a pre-let era.Numerous recent researches report that online reviews and comments do influence individuals' purchase decisions, affecting the evolution of demand within communities. In this respect, virtual communities play a pivotal role in boosting tourist product innovation by leveraging learning from customer relationships. Customers may become a source of innovation since they gain an economic benefit from innovation which boosts their creativity, and show gig expertise which may be transferred to firms and among communities.Virtual communities allow people who interact to satisfy their own needs and to share purpose such as an interest, need, information exchange, or service that provides a reason for the community. Firms may leverage these communities by providing a suitable context where customers may share social conventions, language, and protocols. Bothersome, Bananas and Jasmines (2011) examined the potential of CB in Villain district municipality, as well as to propose measures to make this activity feasible.The study demonstrates that communities considered their participation in ours development reported a number of difficulties they have confronted with. The problems were mentioned most often: disagreement with the local government; lack of communal land; lack of finance; apathy and lack of initiative amongst local residents; lack of sociality and solidarity. Moreover, Lappers (2010) assesses the potential contribution of Community-Based Tourism Enterprises (Cubes) to poverty alleviation and empowerment.It shows that tourism income captured locally improves rural households' livelihoods and generates linkages in the local economy. On the Job learning, traini ng sessions and extensive support by non-governmental organizations and donors are further shown to empower rural actors and unlock socioeconomic opportunities for the future. In this context, Cubes can be characterized as pro-poor initiatives. However, this study provides counter evidence that the sustainability of such community tourism ventures is to be questioned.First, mainstreaming these projects within the competitive tourism commodity chain proves highly challenging and costly; second, communities' institutional and managerial capacity is weak and thus Cubes' viability is limited; finally, inadequate support by donors and non-governmental organizations fails to tackle challenges aced by community tourism ventures. Bothersome, Mammary and Jones (2007) evaluate the potential of Community-Based Enterprise (CUBE) as avenues of poverty alleviation in Kenya and the challenges facing them.The key factors that could influence local community attitudes towards CUBE fall into two cate gories: motivational factors and community factors. A sense of ownership was seen as critical so that local communities were adequately empowered and involved. CUBE initiatives had to be also have to be addressed. Furthermore, Foreleg and Boo (2012) studied Community- based customize. It aims at environmental conservation but it is also a way to empower communities, by allowing them a degree of control over tourism projects and their impacts.Foreleg and Boo explored the varying degrees of empowerment of host communities provided by community-based customize through a meta study analysis of six case studies of tourism projects. Not all contemporary tourism projects take local populations into consideration thus the six case studies are nonrandom selections for the purpose of representing the concept embodied in the thesis and showing its appropriateness with the new tourists' expectations. Furthermore, Salary (2012), studied community-based tourism using long-term anthropological fie ldwork in Tanzania.The study critically analyzes how well generally accepted community-based tourism discourses resonate with the reality on the ground. It focuses on how local guides handle their role as ambassadors of communal cultural heritage and how community members react to their narratives and practices. It pays special attention to the time-limited, project-based development method, the need for an effective exit strategy, for quality control, tour guide training and long-term our guide retention.Findings reveal multiple complex issues of power and resistance that illustrate many community-based tourism conflicts. The encounter with the â€Å"Other† is shown to be central and that the role of professional intermediaries in facilitating this experience of cultural contact is crucial. Tour guides are often the only â€Å"locals† with whom tourists spend considerable time: they have considerable agency in the image-building process of the peoples and places visit ed, (re)shaping tourist destination images and indirectly influencing the self-image of those visited too. Community Based Tourism Capacity Building Capacity building is important in preparing the community as a host as it will educate and prepare all community members to provide the best services. Through capacity building, skills are acquired. Training is given to increase the skill level and to strengthen the capacity of individuals and organizations to develop and support the program of CBT as a tourist activity. Capacity building for Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay can be done based on study tour, where the community is learning to be better in Malaysia or abroad and the training program or course of communication are provided. Such courses are languages, computer skills training, finance and marketing courses, and homestay management. Part of the program for capacity building for the local community consists of eight modules described below and it is designed to educate and develop the skills of local communities. The modules are: Capacity Building -APEC TOURISM WORKING GROUP (TWG02/2008A) All the participants attain the course to learn how to behave in order to acquire good behavioral attributes. Every homestay has a first aid kit. Food safety, quality and knowledge is essential to the participants. Good level of communication with the tourists is highly encouraged because communication is very important to enhance learning and mutual understanding. Body language and signs aid high understanding and help participants to handle the tourists. The ministry of culture and tourism has a program in place, which is aimed at selecting a hand-full of participants and to train them on Basic English language skills. Many of them end up as better people by operating a public cookie’s kitchen which is part of the village tour by women or Teaching basket weaving and making handicrafts to the tourists Style of Leadership The success of CBT projects is essentially dependent on leadership and organisation. It is common for some members of a community to have more advanced skills or areas of experience than others. These people can champion their skills, show leadership in their skill area, and share their knowledge base with others in the community for everyone’s benefit (Effective Community Based Tourism: Sally Asker, Louise Boronyak †¦. ) In 2006, a female called Mrs. Norbi Binti Ahmad, is an Elder of the Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay. As she teaches Quran, she had gained so much respect from the local community, she had the power to fight for the local community’s rights, and she is hardworking. Since 2006 she has been the only champion. Every 3 years they have an election to select local champion. The last time they had an election, competing with another nominee, she gained 40 out of 48 votes. The final decision is made by the local champion herself. Product development and packaging A tourism product in Malaysia that is becoming increasingly popular among local and foreign tourists is the homestay programme. Under the homestay programme, tourists live with a local family in a kampung (village) house and learn about close-knit family relationships, enjoy sumptuous home-cooked food and discover the simple lifestyle in the country. It offers a chance for visitors to experience the daily life outside of bustling capital cities and puts tourists closer to our natural â€Å"assets,† the culture and friendly people of Malaysia. Each homestay village has something unique to offer tourists and organizes its own special activities for their guests such as jungle trekking, fishing, rubber tapping, fruit picking, handicraft-making, etc. From just RM75 a day, a guest will be hosted by a family and share their meals and enjoy the daily routines of a kampung life. Accommodation is usually in traditional wooden houses on stilts set amidst a pretty landscaped garden. Basic amenities include bed and bathroom (either en suite or commonly shared). The homestay packages are priced between RM75 and RM295 ( per person) which include on-board bunk beds and meals, an entertainment coach with karaoke facilities for groups of 40 and above, as well as a full range of authentic traditional and cultural activities at the chosen homestay. The main objective of the programme is to promote the authentic experience of culture, tradition and lifestyle of the homestay communities. Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay The experience derived from Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay could be described as an amazing way of tradition life. Imaging been woke up first thing in the morning by the singing of birds and cockerels. Then feeling like sleeping more but the sounds of the birds continues to remind you to get up from the bed and face the beauty of the day. As you rise from the bed, open up your windows, plenty of fresh natural air salutes you. This unpolluted air brings in a new sense of life and energy for the day activities. Savory local food follows remarkable having lunch in the mushroom farm and the participation in a host of delightful activities throughout the day begins, such activities include harvesting local crops, visiting a fish farm, learning how to make traditional delicacies and playing traditional games. The unique experience which continues when the villagers try to involve tourists or rather engages them in the participation of cultural performances by inviting them to dance to the tune of their traditional music. This natural local enjoyment continues as fascinating spectrum of cultures and traditions in a Malay village of Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas indulge tourist in various village pastimes, from enjoyable indoor games to exciting outdoor activities. Furthermore, Tourist can acquire some basic farming skills for example, they can learn how to tap a rubber tree and learn how to weave a basket. They could visit the plantations, acquire some skills in harvesting, rubber tapping and fruits picking. Products and Activities Let’s relax and take your time to enjoy the beautiful scenery while mingling with the locals. You can experience the following at Sinaran Baru Rubber tapping, Homestay and Mushroom farming. There are activities like traditional dance, plantation visiting, mushroom farm, traditional game and handicrafts. 1. Mushroom farm (visit the farm and have lunch) especially for agriculture students. agro-tourism) Azmi said the company was started in 1986 with a shed has now grown to 10 barns that could accommodate as many as 60,000 blocks of mushroom. He said the response the company by the name of Mushroom Biotech Enterprise is moving one step further by introducing the concept of agro-tourism since February2007. He said the company is now able to attract tourists, especially from Singapore. â€Å"Through this company, they offer tour packages are preparing bre akfast of nasi lemak, two traditional cakes and drinks and fried mushrooms cost RM8 per person. . Typical Malay â€Å"kampung† house & local way of life (lifestyle) Visitors will experience the full spectrum of village life. Home-cooking lessons and meal times will surely be a memorable part of your stay. The wide variety and sumptuousness of painstakingly prepared dishes can sometimes be enough to confuse most people. Guests will learn how to prepare the food. This might include gathering, cooking and washing it as well. Experience the charm of Malay traditions that have been preserved throughout the ages, which remain very much alive. Live with your hosts, eat with them, be a part of their family. And when you return home, take with you a memorable cultural experience and the friendships of a family happy to welcome you whenever you return to Malaysia. 3. Traditional Malay dance & music (Zapin dance , kompang music) Zapin Zapin is a popular dance in the state of Johor. Introduced by Muslim missionaries from the Middle East, the original dance was performed to Islamic devotional chanting to spread knowledge about the history of the Islamic civilisation. Kompang Arguably the most popular Malay traditional instrument, the kompang is widely used in a variety of social occasions such as the National Day parades, official functions and weddings. Similar to the tambourine but without the jingling metal discs, this hand drum is most commonly played in large kompang ensembles, where various rhythmic composite patterns are produced by overlapping multiple layers of different rhythms. 4. Local traditional game (sepak raga,congkak,batu seremban) Tourists could experience playing Malay community traditional games such as sepak raga and congkak. 5. Fruit farm 6. Rubber & oil palm plantations

Franz von Hipper in World War I

Franz von Hipper in World War I Franz von Hipper - Early Life Career: Born in Weilheim in Oberbayern, Bavaria on September 13, 1863, Franz Hipper was the son of shopkeeper Anton Hipper and his wife Anna. Losing his father at age three, Hipper commenced his education in 1868 at school in Munich before moving to a gymnasium five years later. Completing his education in 1879, he entered the military as a volunteer officer. Later in the year, Hipper elected to pursue a career in the Kaiserliche Marine and traveled to Kiel. Passing the required exams, he began his training. Made a probationary sea cadet on April 12, 1881, Hipper spent the summer on the frigate SMS Niobe. Returning to the Naval Cadet School in September, he graduated in March 1882. After attending gunnery school, Hipper commenced training at sea with time aboard the training ship SMS Friedrich Carl and a world cruise aboard SMS Leipzig. Franz von Hipper - Young Officer: Returning to Kiel in October 1884, Hipper spent the winter attending the Naval Officer School before being appointed to oversee the training of recruits in the First Naval Battalion. The following fall, he passed through the Executive Officer School. After spending a year with a coastal artillery unit, Hipper received an appointment at sea as an officer aboard Friedrich Carl. Over the next three years, he moved through several ships including the armored frigate SMS Friedrich der Grosse. Hipper returned to the ship in October 1891 after completing the Torpedo Officer Course aboard SMS Blà ¼cher. After additional assignments afloat and ashore, he became senior watch officer aboard the new battleship SMS Wà ¶rth in 1894. Serving under Prince Heinrich, Hipper was promoted to senior lieutenant and awarded the Bavarian National Defense Service Medal the following year. In September 1895, he took command of the Second Torpedo-boat Reserve Division. Franz von Hipper - Rising Star: Ordered to SMS Kurfà ¼rst Friedrich Wilhelm in October 1898, Hipper remained on board for nearly a year before landing a choice assignment aboard the royal yacht SMY Hohenzollern. In this role, he attended Queen Victorias funeral in 1901 and received a number of ceremonial decorations. Promoted to lieutenant commander on June 16, 1901, Hipper assumed command of the Second Torpedo Unit the following year and flew his flag from the new cruiser SMS Niobe. Made a commander on April 5, 1905, he attended the Cruiser and Battleship Gunnery Schools in early 1906. Briefly taking command of the cruiser SMS Leipzig in April, Hipper then shifted to the new cruiser SMS Friedrich Carl in September. Turning his vessel into a crack ship, Friedrich Carl won the Kaisers Prize for best shooting in the fleet in 1907. Promoted to captain on April 6, 1907, Hipper was dubbed an Imperial Captain by Kaiser Wilhelm II. In March 1908, he assumed command of the new cruiser SMS Gneisenau and oversaw its shakedown cruise and training of the crew prior to its departure to join the German East Asia Squadron in China. Leaving the ship later in the year, Hipper returned to Kiel and spent three years overseeing the training of torpedo boat crews. Returning to sea in October 1911, he became captain of the cruiser SMS Yorck four months before being appointed chief of staff to Rear Admiral Gustav von Bachmann, the Deputy Flag Officer, Reconnaissance Forces. On January 27, 1912, following von Bachmanns promotion to command of the High Seas Fleets scouting forces, Hipper was promoted to rear admiral and made deputy commander. Franz von Hipper - World War I Begins: When Bachmann departed for the Baltic in 1913, Hipper assumed command of I Scouting Group on October 1. Containing the High Sea Fleets battlecruisers, this force possessed a mix of power and speed. Hipper was in this post when World War I began in August 1914. On the 28th of that month, he sortied with part of his force to support German vessels during the Battle of Heligoland Bight but arrived too late to take part in the action. In early November, Hipper was directed by High Seas Fleet commander Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl to take three battlecruisers, a cruiser, and four light cruisers to bombard Great Yarmouth. Attacking on November 3, he shelled the port before withdrawing back to the German base in the Jade Estuary. Franz von Hipper - Battling the Royal Navy: Due to the success of the operation, a second attack was planned for early December with the bulk of the High Seas Fleet sailing in support. Striking Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby on December 16, Hippers squadron, which had been augmented by the new battlecruiser Derfflinger, bombarded the three towns and inflicted numerous civilian casualties earning the admiral the sobriquet baby killer. Having broken the German naval codes, the Royal Navy dispatched Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty with four battlecruisers and six battleships to intercept Hipper on his return voyage to Germany. Though Beattys ships arrived in position to trap the enemy, signaling errors prevented the plan from being executed and Hipper was able to escape. In January 1915, Ingenohl directed Hipper to take his force to clear British vessels from the area around Dogger Bank. Alerted to German intentions by signals intelligence, Beatty again attempted to destroy Hippers ships. In the Battle of Dogger Bank on January 24, the two sides engaged in a running battle as the German commander attempted to escape back to base. In the fighting, Hipper saw Blà ¼cher sunk and his flagship, SMS Seydlitz severely damaged. Blame for the defeat fell to Ingenohl rather than Hipper and he was replaced by Admiral Hugo von Pohl the following month. Falling ill, Pohl in turn was replaced by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer in January 1916. Two months later, Hipper, suffering from exhaustion, requested sick leave. This was granted and he remained away from his command until May 12. Franz von Hipper - Battle of Jutland: At the end of the month, Scheer sortied with bulk of the High Seas Fleet in the hope of luring out and destroying part of the British Grand Fleet. Aware of Scheers intentions via radio intercepts, Admiral Sir John Jellicoe sailed south from Scapa Flow with the Grand Fleet while Beattys battlecruisers, augmented by four battleships, steamed in advance. On May 31, Hipper and Beattys forces met in the opening phases of the Battle of Jutland. Turning southeast to lure British battlecruiser towards the guns of the High Seas Fleet, Hipper engaged in a running battle. In the fighting, his command sank the battlecruisers HMS Indefatigable and HMS Queen Mary. Spotting the danger posed by Scheers approaching battleships, Beatty reversed course. In the fighting, the British inflicted severe damage on Hippers ships but failed to score any kills. As the battle continued, the German battlecruisers sank HMS Invincible. As the main fleets engaged, critical damage to his flagship, SMS Là ¼tzow, forced Hipper to transfer his flag to the battlecruiser Moltke. Attempting to maintain his forces station for the remainder of the battle, Hipper saw his badly damaged battlecruisers compelled to limp back to Germany after Scheer was able to evade the enemy during the night. For his performance at Jutland he was awarded the Pour le Mà ©rite on June 5. With his squadron crippled, Hipper received command of large detachment of the High Seas Fleet following the battle. Over the next two years, the High Seas Fleet remained largely inactive as it lacked the numbers to challenge the British. When Scheer ascended to become Chief of the Naval Staff on August 12, 1918, Hipper took command of the fleet. Franz von Hipper - Later Career: With German forces on the Western Front reeling, Scheer and Hipper planned a final effort for the High Seas Fleet in October 1918. After mounting attacks on the Thames Estuary and Flanders, the fleet would engage the Grand Fleet. As ships were concentrating at Wilhelmshaven hundreds of sailors began to desert. This was followed by several mutinies beginning on October 29. With the fleet in open revolt, Scheer and Hipper had no choice but to cancel the operation. Going ashore on November 9, he watched as the fleet departed for internment at Scapa Flow later that month. With the end of the war, Hipper asked to be placed on the inactive list on December 2 before retiring eleven days later. After evading German revolutionaries in 1919, Hipper retired to a quiet life in Altona, Germany. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he elected not to write a memoir of the war and later died on May 25, 1932. Cremated, Hippers remains were buried in Weilheim in Oberbayern. The Nazi-era Kriegsmarine later named a cruiser Admiral Hipper in his honor. Selected Sources First World War I: Franz von HipperFranz Ritter von Hipper History Today: Franz von Hipper

Guide to Carbon Fiber Material

Guide to Carbon Fiber Material Carbon fiber is, exactly what it sounds like - fiber made of carbon. But, these fibers are only a base. What is commonly referred to as carbon fiber is a material consisting of very thin filaments of carbon atoms. When bound together with plastic polymer resin by heat, pressure or in a vacuum a composite material is formed that is both strong and lightweight. Much like cloth, beaver dams, or a rattan chair, the strength of carbon fiber is in the weave. The more complex the weave, the more durable the composite will be. It is helpful to imagine a wire screen that is interwoven with another screen at an angle, and another at a slightly different angle, and so on, with each wire in each screen made of carbon fiber strands. Now imagine this mesh of screens drenched in liquid plastic, and then pressed or heated until the material fuses together. The angle of the weave, as well as the resin used with the fiber, will determine the strength of the overall composite. The resin is most commonly epoxy, but can also be thermoplastic, polyurethane, vinyl ester, or polyester. DaveAlan/E/Getty Images Alternatively, a mold may be cast and the carbon fibers applied over it. The carbon fiber composite is then allowed to cure, often by a vacuum process. In this method, the mold is used to achieve the desired shape. This technique is preferred for uncomplicated forms that are needed on demand. Carbon fiber material has a wide range of applications, as it can be formed at various densities in limitless shapes and sizes. Carbon fiber is often shaped into tubing, fabric, and cloth, and can be custom-formed into any number of composite parts and pieces. Common Uses of Carbon Fiber High-end automobile componentsBicycle framesFishing rodsShoe solesBaseball batsProtective cases for laptops and iPhones The Apollo IE hypercar. Martyn Lucy/Getty Images   More exotic uses can be found in the: Aeronautics and aerospace industriesOil and gas industryUnmanned aerial vehiclesSatellitesFormula-1 race cars Some would argue, though, that the possibilities for carbon fiber are limited only by demand and the manufacturer’s imagination. Now, it’s even common to find carbon fiber in: Musical instrumentsFurnitureArtStructural elements of buildingsBridgesWind turbine blades   gilaxia/Getty Images If carbon fiber could be said to have any detractions, it would be production cost. Carbon fiber is not easily mass-produced and is therefore very expensive. A carbon fiber bicycle will easily run in the thousands of dollars, and its use in automotive is still limited to exotic racing cars. Carbon fiber is popular in these items and others are due to its weight-to-strength ratio and its resistance to flame, so much so that there is a market for synthetics that look like carbon fiber. However, imitations are often only partially carbon fiber or simply plastic made to look like carbon fiber. This occurs often in after-market protective casings for computers and other small consumer electronics. The upside is that carbon fiber parts and products, if not damaged, will almost literally last forever. This makes them a good investment for consumers, and also keeps products in circulation. For example, if a consumer is not willing to pay for a set of brand new carbon fiber golf clubs, there is a chance those clubs will be pop up on the secondary used market. Carbon fiber is often confused with fiberglass, and while there are similarities in manufacturing and some crossover in end products like furniture and automobile moldings, they are different. Fiberglass is a polymer that is reinforced with woven strands of silica glass rather than carbon. Carbon fiber composites are stronger, while fiberglass has more flexibility. And, both have various chemical compositions that make them better suited for different applications. Recycling carbon fiber is very difficult. The only available method for complete recycling is a process called thermal depolymerization, wherein the carbon fiber product is superheated in an oxygen-free chamber. The freed carbon can then be secured and reused, and whatever bonding or reinforced material that was used (epoxy, vinyl, etc.) is burned away. Carbon fiber can also be broken down manually at lower temperatures, but the resulting material will be weaker due to the shortened fibers, and thus likely not to be used in its most ideal application. For example, a large piece of tubing that is no longer being used may be split up, and the remaining parts used for computer casings, briefcases or furniture. Carbon fiber is an incredibly useful material used in composites, and it will continue to grow manufacturing market share. As more methods of producing carbon fiber composites economically are developed, the price will continue to fall, and more industries will take advantage of this unique material.

I Used to Live Here Once by Jean Rhys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I Used to Live Here Once by Jean Rhys - Essay Example The short story â€Å"I Used to Live Here Once" begins with a description of a woman visiting her childhood home; one can deduce this from her description of the environment as it is and comparing it to her retrospective view. She comes across two children in a house in which she resided in the past and when she tries to greet them, they seem to ignore her. Moreover, when she finally gets close and tries to greet them again, they do not see her and one remark on the cold, they enter the house without having seen her, and that is when she realizes they cannot see her since she must have stopped living. The narrator’s displacement and apparent alienation from an environment that must have been retrospectively natural to can be compared to the writers own life of displacement. From a psychoanalytical perspective, it is possible that the writer was expressing and living out her memories in the land that was her home and from whence she was uprooted at a tender age. The fact that the narrator was female helps the reader draw an easier parallel to the writer and feel her disappointment when her attempts at maternal affection are ignored by the children giving the story an emotional edge. This underlying connection implies that since she moved from the Dominicans where she was born at the age of 17, she lost touch with her land of birth and never actually felt at home even in England and hence the general alienation of the writer is expressed in her character’s displacement. The authors past has considerable effects on the bearing of the story since she is able to portray the character’s emotional confusion, and alienation accurately, herself having been quoted in the past expressing ambivalence about her origin and the country to which she belonged. The writer takes the reader back to the narrator’s past through her reminiscing as she nostalgically remembers the place, as she knew it in the past. She remembers the stones and the dexterity needed to get across, her affection for the place is evident in that she walked with joy on the road although she described it as wider but messily expanded with trees not being cleared and trampled on. She remembers the house had screw pine, which was still there although the pine screws were gone as well as the summerhouse. The children’s color is of interest to the writer who describes them as being fair despite being in the tropics, which as a symbol of resilience the whites were forced to adopt in to survive. The idea of reaction and adaption to nature, especially on a racial perspective, can be tied to the writers past since although she was while living in a predominantly black country, she often interacted with black and admired their culture and nature. Most of the things she remembers are symbolic of the narrators past and present feeling and the writer has clearly injected considerable aspects of her life in the same. Take ether fact that she finds the road to be incomplete, this could symbolize the fact that she thought she had unfinished business with the place hence her return, besides, considering the author's history of prostitution and drug abuse.

Emotionally intelligent leaders and their impact on followers' Essay - 2

Emotionally intelligent leaders and their impact on followers' performance and well-being A critical review of the literature and reflection for practice - Essay Example Sometimes it requires being calm in situations that are very intense and so the leader must do. He should remain calm so that the employees working under him or her could attain the goals given to them. Goleman (1996) believed that there were 5 major components to emotional intelligence. They were self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills. The more a leader will look to control and monitor these elements the more his emotional intelligence would be and the chances of employees performing better would be higher. Goleman (1996) described being self aware means to know how one’s emotions and behavior will affect others. Horn (2013) & Mortiboys (2005) believe that if a leader is self aware of his situation in an organization then it has a very positive impact on the employees. A self aware leader would always know the mission of his project and will always make guidelines accordingly. When employees know what the mission of their organization or project is then it automatically becomes easy to follow directions. Following directions laid by the team leader most often leads to success as the project is designed and led by him or her. Gotshal (2007) believes that the reason for failure of 60% of business in the USA is the reason because the mission of the company and its projects are not well dictated by the leader. Employees are able to perform better with a leader who is self aware of himself. A self aware leader will always know what the company is in the market for and how to achieve what it has set foot on. A self aware leader looks to guide the employees on consistent basis. Collins (2011), Jennings (2012), Badaracco (1989) & Crandall (2007) believe that a leader who is self aware of himself also makes all the goals of the project clear so that it becomes easy for the employees to achieve them. Employees perform better when they know how and what to get within a period of time. A self aware leader sets realistic